Shedding Light on Suicide: Statistics, Risk Factors, and Hope for Prevention
Jeff Guenther, LPC on Jul 12, 2023
Suicide Statistics 2023
Suicide is a tragic and complex phenomenon characterized by the deliberate act of causing one's own death. It is often the outcome of various factors, including mental health challenges, societal pressures, and individual circumstances. Understanding suicide statistics plays a crucial role in comprehending the scope and impact of this issue, identifying high-risk populations, and formulating effective prevention strategies. By exploring the realm of suicide statistics, we can gain insight into this urgent issue and strive to decrease the occurrence of suicide, enhance mental well-being, and provide support to individuals at risk.
Prevalence of Suicide
Every suicide is a tragedy that affects families, communities, and entire countries, leaving behind a lasting impact on those left behind. Suicide rates vary across countries and gender, with men often having higher rates and rising rates among women. Different age groups, such as youth, middle-aged individuals, and the elderly, face unique risk factors.
Global Suicide Rates
Suicide is a pressing global public health concern, with over 700,000 people dying by suicide each year. The World Health Organization reveals that it ranks as the fourth leading cause of death among 15-29 year-olds, necessitating urgent attention. Low- and middle-income countries bear the majority of the burden, accounting for 77% of global suicides. Common methods include pesticide ingestion, hanging, and firearms.
It is important to mention the countries with the highest suicide rates in 2019:
Lesotho: 72.4
Guyana: 40.3
Eswatini: 29.4
South Korea: 28.6
Kiribati: 28.3
Federated States of Micronesia: 28.2
Lithuania: 26.1
Suriname: 25.4
Russia: 25.1
South Africa: 23.5
Belgium, ranking eleventh with 18.3 suicides per 100,000 people, is noteworthy as the only Western European country with a relatively high suicide rate. This can be attributed in part to progressive legislation on euthanasia, influencing the statistics.
Gender Difference in Suicide Rate
According to a 2022 study, significant gender differences in suicide rates were observed worldwide:
In 2019, a total of 759,028 suicide deaths were reported worldwide, with 523,883 cases among males and 235,145 cases among females.
The age-standardized suicide rate (ASR) per 100,000 population was 9.0 for both sexes combined. However, the rate was higher in males at 12.6, compared to females at 5.4.
Across both sexes, the highest suicide rates were observed in the region of Africa, with an age-standardized rate (ASR) of 11.2 per 100,000 population.
On the other hand, the lowest rates were reported in the Eastern Mediterranean region, with an ASR of 6.4 per 100,000 population.
A statement from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021 reveals the significant gender differences in suicide rates worldwide:
Male Suicide Rates:
The suicide rate among males is more than twice that of females, with a rate of 12.6 per 100,000 males.
Higher suicide rates among men are typically observed in high-income countries, reaching 16.5 per 100,000 population.
Female Suicide Rates:
The suicide rate among females is lower, with a rate of 5.4 per 100,000 females.
In contrast to males, the highest suicide rates among women are often found in lower-middle-income countries, with a rate of 7.1 per 100,000 population.
Suicide Rate by Age Group
In 2019, global suicide rates varied by age, with suicides reported as the annual number per 100,000 individuals. It should be acknowledged that these rates may be underestimated due to factors like social stigma and cultural or legal barriers that hinder accurate reporting.
Nonetheless, the adjusted data provides an estimation of suicide rates across age groups, highlighting the following patterns and figures for that year:
All ages: 9.8 suicides
70 years and above: 24.5 suicides
50 to 69 years: 14.3 suicides
15 to 49 years: 11.2 suicides
5 to 14 years: 0.6 suicides
Regional
North America
According to statistics spanning from 2000 to 2023, the suicide mortality rate in North America is measured as the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population in a given year. Analyzing the data, the following figures provide insights into the suicide rates in North America:
The suicide rate in North America witnessed fluctuations over the years. In 2019, the rate stood at 15.66, showing a 2.19% increase from the previous year (2018) when it was 15.32, representing a 1.82% decline from 2017. This indicates a slight improvement or reduction in suicide deaths compared to the preceding year. However, in 2017, the suicide rate surged to 15.61, marking a significant 5.61% increase compared to 2016 when it was 14.78, demonstrating a 3.64% increase from 2015.
Another statistical analysis conducted in 2019 provides insights into the suicide mortality rate per 100,000 population in various countries. The average rate among 20 countries included in the analysis was 5.48 suicides per 100,000 people. Notably, the United States had the highest rate, with 16.1 suicides per 100,000 people, while Antigua and Barbuda had the lowest rate, with 0.4 suicides per 100,000 people. The following countries are ranked based on their suicide rates, utilizing available data:
United States: 16.1
Canada: 11.8
Haiti: 9.6
Trinidad and Tobago: 8.7
Costa Rica: 8.1
Saint Lucia: 7.9
Belize: 7.1
El Salvador: 6.1
Guatemala: 5.9
Mexico: 5.3
United States:
The United States grapples with a significant and urgent national public health crisis in the form of suicide. Among prosperous nations, the country consistently ranks among the highest in terms of suicide rates. Regrettably, as of early 2023, an average of approximately 67 lives are lost to suicide daily in the United States.
When examining recorded suicides, it is distressing to note that the numbers have been on the rise. In 2020, there were 45,799 recorded suicides, reflecting an increase from 42,773 in 2014, according to the CDC's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).
The overall suicide rate in the United States has seen a concerning upward trend. Between 2000 and 2020, the adjusted annual suicide rate experienced a significant 30% increase. In 2000, the rate stood at 10.4 suicides per 100,000 people, rising to 13.5 per 100,000 people in 2020.
One particularly troubling year was 2018, which marked the highest recorded suicide rate in the United States in over three decades. At that time, the rate reached 14.2 suicides per 100,000 people, highlighting the gravity of the problem. Underreporting of suicides due to the associated stigma is a concerning challenge. It is suspected that the actual number of suicides is higher than what is officially reported.
The National Vital Statistics System's findings on suicide mortality trends in the United States from 2001 to 2021 provide valuable insights into the fluctuations and patterns in suicide rates throughout this time frame.
Overall Suicide Rate:
After an initial increase from 2001 (10.7) to 2018 (14.2), the age-adjusted suicide rate experienced a decline for two years until 2020 (13.5).
However, there was a subsequent increase to 14.1 in 2021.
Gender-Specific Trends:
Trends in female suicide rates varied throughout the period.
The observed increase between 2020 and 2021 was significant only for females aged 75 and over.
For males, there were significant increases in suicide rates between 2020 and 2021 among the age groups 15-24, 25-44, 65-74, and 75 and over.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities:
From 2020 to 2021, suicide rates significantly increased for non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White females.
Similarly, suicide rates increased significantly for non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native, Black, and White males during the same period.
Ranking among Causes of Death:
In 2021, suicide was the 11th leading cause of death in the United States, up from the 10th leading cause in 2019 and down from the 12th leading cause in 2020.
It remains the second leading cause of death in individuals aged 10-34 and the fifth leading cause in individuals aged 35-54, contributing to premature mortality.
Recent Fluctuations:
Following a peak in 2018, suicide rates declined through 2020 but experienced an increase again in 2021, according to provisional data.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
Analyzing the statistics data from 2021 provides insights into the varying suicide rates among different age groups in the United States. It is important to note that suicide rates are calculated as the number of suicides per 100,000 individuals within a particular age category. Here are the findings:
Adults (25-34 years): The suicide rate among adults aged 25 to 34 was 19.48 per 100,000 individuals.
Adults (75-84 years): Another notable group with higher suicide rates was adults aged 75 to 84, with a rate of 19.56 per 100,000 individuals.
Adults (85 years and older): Among all age groups, adults aged 85 years or older had the highest suicide rate, reaching 22.39 per 100,000 individuals.
Adolescents and Young Adults (15-24 years): In 2021, the suicide rate among adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 24 was 15.15 per 100,000 individuals. It is worth noting that this age group consistently displayed lower suicide rates compared to middle-aged and older adults.
The suicide rates in the United States vary significantly across different age groups. The World Health Organization has provided the 2019 crude suicide rates per 100,000 population, categorized by age group and gender, as follows:
15-25 years old
Both Sexes: 14.4
Male: 22.3
Female: 6.2
25-34 years old
Both Sexes: 23.8
Male: 37.4
Female: 9.8
35-44 years old
Both Sexes: 19.3
Male: 29.0
Female: 9.6
45-54 years old
Both Sexes: 20.0
Male: 28.9
Female: 11.1
55-64 years old
Both Sexes: 21.3
Male: 31.8
Female: 11.1
65-74 years old
Both Sexes: 17.3
Male: 28.4
Female: 7.4
75-84 years old
Both Sexes: 19.6
Male: 37.1
Female: 5.8
85+ years old
Both Sexes: 19.4
Male: 45.0
Female: 4.8
Canada
Suicide in Canada remains a pressing issue, as reflected in key statistics for the year 2023. On average, approximately 12 people lose their lives to suicide each day, resulting in an annual total of approximately 4,500 deaths. These numbers highlight the profound impact and tragic loss associated with suicide within the country.
One significant observation is the gender disparity in suicide rates across Canada. Rates are approximately three times higher among men compared to women. This disparity emphasizes the need for targeted interventions and tailored support systems to address the specific risk factors that contribute to higher suicide rates among men.
Another concerning aspect is the impact of suicide on youth and young adults in Canada. Among individuals aged 15 to 34 years, suicide ranks as the second leading cause of death. This alarming statistic underscores the critical importance of early intervention, robust mental health support, and comprehensive suicide prevention efforts aimed at addressing the specific needs and vulnerabilities of this age group.
Suicide Mortality Rate in Canada: Trend Analysis
The suicide mortality rate, which represents the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population in a given year, provides insights into the prevalence of this tragic issue. Canada's crude suicide rates reveal a dynamic picture over the years:
2019 Suicide Rate:
Suicide rate in Canada stood at 11.80 per 100,000 population.
This figure indicated a decline of 1.67% compared to the previous year, 2018.
2018 Suicide Rate:
Suicide rate was 12.00 per 100,000 population.
This represented a significant decline of 7.69% from the rate recorded in 2017.
2017 Suicide Rate:
Canada observed a suicide rate of 13.00 per 100,000 population in 2017.
This marked a notable increase of 9.24% compared to the rate reported in 2016.
2016 Suicide Rate:
The suicide rate in Canada was 11.90 per 100,000 population.
This figure reflected a substantial decline of 8.46% from the rate documented in 2015
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
The 2019 data statistics provide valuable insights into the death rates by suicide per 100,000 population in Canada. The following are the suicide rates for each age group:
10-19 years old
Male: 7.4
Female: 4.9
20-34 years old
Male: 21.4
Female: 6.8
35-49 years old
Male: 23.4
Female: 6.8
50-64 years old
Male: 25.9
Female: 8.4
65-79 years old
Male: 18.0
Female: 4.5
80+ years old
Male: 22.9
Female: 3.5
Mexico
The suicide mortality rate is a measure of the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population in a given year. Specifically focusing on Mexico, the following figures provide insights into the country's suicide rates:
In 2019, the suicide rate in Mexico was 5.30, indicating a 1.85% decline from the previous year (2018). This decrease suggests a slight improvement or reduction in the number of suicide deaths within the country.
Furthermore, in 2018, the suicide rate was 5.40, representing an 8.47% decline from 2017. This significant decrease indicates a notable reduction in suicide deaths compared to the previous year. However, in 2017, the suicide rate increased to 5.90, reflecting a 5.36% increase from 2016. This rise suggests a notable upsurge in suicide deaths within Mexico during that particular period.
Looking back to 2016, the suicide rate was 5.60, demonstrating no change from 2015. This indicates that the suicide rate remained stable, with no increase or decrease from the previous year.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
In a 2022 study, it was found that men experience higher suicide rates than women, with 10.4 suicides per 1,000,000 males compared to 2.2 suicides per 1,000,000 females. The age group most affected by this phenomenon is individuals between 18 to 29 years, regardless of gender.
A statistics from 2016 provide insights into the number of suicides per 100,000 inhabitants in Mexico, categorized by age and gender. It is important to note that these figures reflect the rates for that specific year.
10-14 years old:
Male: 1.9
Female: 2.1
15-19 years old:
Male: 9.4
Female: 4.3
20-24 years old:
Male: 16.1
Female: 3.0
25-29 years old:
Male: 14.0
Female: 2.7
30-34 years old:
Male: 13.1
Female: 2.1
35-39 years old:
Male: 12.9
Female: 2.1
40-44 years old:
Male: 11.5
Female: 2.3
45-49 years old:
Male: 9.7
Female: 1.9
50-54 years old:
Male: 9.4
Female: 1.4
55-59 years old:
Male: 8.6
Female: 1.6
60-64 years old
Male: 1.5
Female: 7.1
65 years and above:
Male: 10.6
Female: 0.7
Costa Rica
The suicide mortality rate, which measures the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population in a given year, provides crucial insights into suicide trends. Analyzing the figures specific to Costa Rica, we observe fluctuations in suicide rates over the indicated years:
In 2019, the suicide rate in Costa Rica was 8.10, indicating a 12.5% increase from the previous year (2018). This rise signals a concerning escalation in the number of suicide deaths within the country, emphasizing the need for targeted prevention efforts and mental health support.
Similarly, in 2018, the suicide rate stood at 7.20, reflecting a notable 18.03% increase from 2017. This substantial surge suggests a significant rise in suicide deaths, underscoring the urgency of addressing the underlying factors contributing to such a rise and providing appropriate interventions. However, there was a contrasting trend in 2017 when the suicide rate experienced a decline, reaching 6.10. This marked a 20.78% decrease from 2016, signifying a notable improvement in reducing suicide deaths within Costa Rica during that specific period. It is essential to continue efforts aimed at sustaining this positive trajectory and implementing preventive measures.
Looking back to 2016, the suicide rate was 7.70, reflecting a 14.93% increase from 2015. This increase points to the persistent challenges in addressing and preventing suicide within the country, necessitating ongoing investment in mental health resources and support systems.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
According to statistics provided by the World Health Organization, the number of suicides per 100,000 inhabitants in Costa Rica in 2019 varied by age and gender:
15-24 years old:
Both sexes: 11
Male: 19.1
Female: 2.6
25-34 years old:
Both sexes: 10
Male: 16.7
Female: 3.1
35-44 years old:
Both sexes: 10.5
Male: 18.3
Female: 2.7
45-54 years old:
Both sexes: 11.8
Male: 20.6
Female: 3.2
55-64 years old:
Both sexes: 10.6
Male: 19.6
Female: 2.0
65-74 years old:
Both sexes: 4.9
Male: 9.7
Female: 0.6
75-84 years old:
Both sexes: 4.9
Male: 10.9
Female: 0.0
85+ years and above:
Both sexes: 3.9
Male: 9.7
Female: 0.0
Europe
A major new study presented at the European Congress of Psychiatry in Paris confirms a trend towards fewer suicides in Europe. The study found that suicide rates have decreased in 15 countries, including Germany and Italy, while remaining stable in others such as France, Spain, and the UK. Only Türkiye showed a significant increase in suicide rates, although the reasons for this rise are unclear.
Suicide is a significant cause of premature death worldwide, with approximately 700,000 suicides reported each year.
In the European Union (EU), suicide accounts for around 1.1% of all deaths, resulting in an average of 56,000 deaths per year, considering the EU alone.
The study analyzed suicide rates from 2011 to 2019 in 38 European countries using public databases.
Of the countries examined, 15 showed a significant decrease in suicides when adjusted for population, while the remaining 22 countries experienced no significant change.
The suicide mortality rate serves as a crucial indicator of suicide trends within the European Union (EU). This rate represents the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population in a given year and provides valuable insights into the prevalence of suicide:
In 2019, the suicide rate in the EU was 11.34, indicating a 3.52% decline from the previous year (2018).
For 2018, the suicide rate was 11.76, reflecting a 1.95% decline from 2017.
In 2017, the suicide rate stood at 11.99, showing a marginal 0.17% decline compared to 2016.
The suicide rate in 2016 was 12.01, demonstrating a 4.95% decline from 2015.
According to a 2022 study, the distribution of suicide deaths in the European region showed the following patterns:
Overall Suicide Deaths in the European Region:
Approximately one-fifth of all suicide deaths, totaling 137,266 cases, occurred in the European region.
Distribution of Suicide Deaths by Sex:
The differences in suicide deaths by regions were less pronounced among males compared to the overall distribution for both sexes.
In the European region, female participation in suicide deaths was relatively lower, accounting for 12% (29,008) of the total female suicides.
In contrast, male suicide deaths in the European region were more prominent, comprising 21% (108,268) of the total male suicides.
Turkey
The suicide rate in Turkey has been closely monitored from 2000 to 2023, providing valuable insights into suicide mortality and trends. This rate, calculated as the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population in a given year, offers significant information about the patterns and fluctuations of suicides in Turkey over time.
In 2019, the suicide rate in Turkey was 2.40, indicating a 4.35% increase from the previous year (2018).
In 2018, the suicide rate was 2.30, reflecting no change from 2017.
Similarly, in 2017, the suicide rate remained at 2.30, showing no increase or decrease from 2016.
The suicide rate in 2016 was also 2.30, demonstrating no change from 2015.
A comprehensive time series analysis was conducted, employing unit root and stationarity tests, to examine the changes in suicide rates in Turkey from 1974 to 2013. The findings illuminate the alarming increase in suicide as a significant mental health issue within the country.
In 1974, the suicide rate stood at 1.92% for males and 1.31% for females, indicating the prevalence of suicide as a significant issue even during that period. However, over the years, there has been a notable increase in the number of deaths attributed to suicide.
By 2013, the suicide rate had escalated to 6.22% for males and 2.26% for females. These figures highlight the alarming upward trend in suicide rates, indicating the urgent need for effective mental health interventions, awareness campaigns, and prevention strategies.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
Based on 2019 data statistics from the World Health Organization, the suicide rate estimates in Turkey per 100,000 population varied by age and gender:
15-24 years old:
Both sexes: 2.9
Male: 3.3
Female: 2.4
25-34 years old:
Both sexes: 2.8
Male: 4.4
Female: 1.2
35-44 years old:
Both sexes: 3.2
Male: 5.3
Female: 1.2
45-54 years old:
Both sexes: 3.2
Male: 5.4
Female: 1.0
55-64 years old:
Both sexes: 2.9
Male: 5.0
Female: 1.1
65-74 years old:
Both sexes: 3.5
Male: 5.6
Female: 1.7
75-84 years old:
Both sexes: 4.3
Male: 6.9
Female: 2.4
85 years and above:
Both sexes: 7.0
Male: 14.5
Female: 3.6
Lithuania
Suicide in Lithuania continues to be a significant social issue in the country, primarily due to its persistently high rate, making it the highest in the European Union. While there has been a consistent decrease in the suicide rate since its peak in 1995, the issue remains a pressing concern. In 2019, Lithuania reported a suicide mortality rate of 26.1 per 100,000 population, as documented in the World Bank collection of development indicators, which compiles data from officially recognized sources.
According to a recent study, Lithuania exhibited significant gender disparities in suicide rates per 100,000 population in 2019. The study revealed a considerably higher suicide rate among males, reaching 36.1. In contrast, the suicide rate for females was notably lower, standing at 6.2.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
According to 2019 data statistics from the World Health Organization, the number of suicides per 100,000 population in Lithuania varied by age and gender:
15-24 years old:
Both sexes: 13.2
Male: 21.6
Female: 4.3
25-34 years old:
Both sexes: 26.4
Male: 44.2
Female: 7.2
35-44 years old:
Both sexes: 30.0
Male: 52.5
Female: 7.3
45-54 years old:
Both sexes: 30.9
Male: 54.3
Female: 9.5
55-64 years old:
Both sexes: 35.6
Male: 65.7
Female: 11.3
65-74 years old:
Both sexes: 38.5
Male: 76.9
Female: 14.8
75-84 years old:
Both sexes: 35.6
Male: 72.6
Female: 17.4
85 years and above:
Both sexes: 32.0
Male: 98.7
Female: 12.9
Germany
A recent study highlights the stark reality that approximately 10,000 individuals in Germany take their own lives each year. The availability of comprehensive and reliable statistical data regarding this phenomenon serves as a crucial foundation for the development and implementation of effective suicide prevention strategies.
The suicide mortality rate, which represents the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population in a given year, offers insights into suicide trends within Germany:
In 2019, the suicide rate in Germany was 12.30, indicating a 4.65% decline from the previous year (2018).
The suicide rate for 2018 was 12.90, showing a 2.38% increase from 2017.
In 2017, the suicide rate stood at 12.60, reflecting a 3.08% decline from 2016.
Furthermore, the suicide rate in 2016 was 13.00, demonstrating a 2.26% decline from 2015.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
Based on the 2019 data statistics provided by the World Health Organization, the number of suicides per 100,000 population in Germany varied by age and gender:
15-24 years old:
Both sexes: 6.0
Male: 9.0
Female: 2.7
25-34 years old:
Both sexes: 7.8
Male: 12.1
Female: 3.1
35-44 years old:
Both sexes: 10.1
Male: 15.9
Female: 4.1
45-54 years old:
Both sexes: 14.9
Male: 22.0
Female: 7.9
55-64 years old:
Both sexes: 15.7
Male: 23.2
Female: 8.3
65-74 years old:
Both sexes: 16.1
Male: 24.7
Female: 8.4
75-84 years old:
Both sexes: 26.5
Male: 44.1
Female: 13.1
85 years and above:
Both sexes: 37.9
Male: 79.4
Female: 16.9
Netherlands
Recent data reported by Statistics Netherlands, the number of suicides in the past year reached 1,916. On average, this translates to more than five suicide deaths per day. The suicide rate per 100,000 inhabitants has remained stable since 2018. Among individuals under the age of 30, suicide continues to be the most prevalent cause of death. The data further reveals that in 2022, the number of men taking their own lives was more than double that of women, with 1,315 men and 601 women ending their lives. Although there has been a slight decrease in the number of suicides among women since 2018, there has been a slight increase among men.
Examining the suicide rate over the years, it has shown no significant changes since 2018, remaining at 10.8 suicides per 100,000 residents in 2022. This rate takes into account population growth and aging, allowing for comparisons between different years. Notably, the highest recorded suicide rate since 1970 was in 1984, reaching 14.7 suicides per 100,000 inhabitants.
Suicide Mortality Rate in the Netherlands: Crude Rates (Not Age-Adjusted)
The suicide mortality rate, measuring the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population in a given year, provides insights into suicide trends in the Netherlands:
In 2019, the suicide rate in the Netherlands was 11.80, indicating a 3.51% increase from the previous year (2018). This rise suggests a concerning escalation in the number of suicide deaths within the country during that specific period.
In 2018, the suicide rate was 11.40, reflecting a 5.79% decline from 2017. This decline indicates a notable reduction in suicide deaths compared to the previous year.
However, in 2017, the suicide rate increased to 12.10, showing a 1.68% rise compared to 2016. This rise suggests a notable upsurge in suicide deaths within the Netherlands during that particular period.
Looking back to 2016, the suicide rate was 11.90, demonstrating a 0.85% increase from 2015. This increase highlights a slight upward trend in suicide rates during that timeframe.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
Statistics provided by the World Health Organization highlight the number of suicides per 100,000 population in the Netherlands, categorized by age and gender. The statistics are as follows:
15-24 years old:
Both sexes: 6.4
Male: 8.4
Female: 4.2
25-34 years old:
Both sexes: 10.5
Male: 14.9
Female: 6.0
35-44 years old:
Both sexes: 12.6
Male: 17.6
Female: 7.5
45-54 years old:
Both sexes: 17.4
Male: 23.8
Female: 10.9
55-64 years old:
Both sexes: 18.5
Male: 23.8
Female: 13.1
65-74 years old:
Both sexes: 14.0
Male: 17.6
Female: 10.6
75-84 years old:
Both sexes: 16.5
Male: 19.1
Female: 14.3
85 years and above:
Both sexes: 19.5
Male: 29.4
Female: 14.3
Asia
East Asia & Pacific Suicide Rate 2000-2023:
Declining Suicide Rates in East Asia & Pacific:
In 2019, the suicide rate in East Asia & Pacific was 7.89, indicating a 1.03% decline from the previous year (2018). This decrease suggests a positive trend in reducing suicide deaths within the region. Furthermore, in 2017, the suicide rate was 7.95, demonstrating a 1.65% decline from 2016. These figures highlight the efforts made to address and prevent suicides in East Asia & Pacific.
Fluctuations in Suicide Rates:
The suicide rate in East Asia & Pacific showed minor fluctuations during the period analyzed. In 2018, the suicide rate was 7.97, representing a 0.33% increase from 2017. Similarly, in 2016, the suicide rate was 8.08, indicating a 0.65% decline from 2015. These variations emphasize the importance of sustained efforts in suicide prevention and mental health support within the region.
South Asia Suicide Rate 2000-2023:
Increasing Suicide Rates in South Asia:
In 2019, the suicide rate in South Asia was 11.22, showing a 0.71% increase from the previous year (2018). This rise highlights the need for focused attention on addressing the factors contributing to the increase in suicide deaths within the region. Additionally, in 2018, the suicide rate was 11.14, reflecting a 3.98% increase from 2017. These figures suggest a concerning trend and underscore the urgency of effective interventions in South Asia.
Declining Suicide Rates:
Despite the overall increase, South Asia also witnessed periods of declining suicide rates. In 2017, the suicide rate was 10.72, indicating a 0.63% decline from 2016. Similarly, in 2016, the suicide rate was 10.78, demonstrating a 1.31% decline from 2015. These fluctuations highlight the complex nature of suicide trends in South Asia, necessitating continuous efforts to promote mental health and prevent suicide.
Examining another statistics data from 2019, the suicide mortality rate, which measures the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population, sheds light on the prevalence of suicide across different countries. Analyzing data from 44 countries in that year, the average suicide rate was found to be 7.13 suicides per 100,000 people. Here, we present the highest and lowest recorded values, accompanied by a chart depicting available data from 2000 to 2019, offering a comprehensive view of suicide rates and their trends.
Highest Suicide Rates:
South Korea: With a staggering rate of 28.6 suicides per 100,000 people, South Korea faces a significant concern in terms of suicide prevalence.
Notable Suicide Rates:
Mongolia: Following closely, Mongolia reported a suicide rate of 17.9, emphasizing the need for enhanced mental health support within the country.
Kazakhstan: Similarly, Kazakhstan had a suicide rate of 17.6, underlining the importance of prioritizing mental well-being in this region.
Japan: Japan recorded a suicide rate of 15.3, reflecting the persistent challenges in mental health awareness and intervention within the country.
Sri Lanka: With a suicide rate of 14, Sri Lanka highlights the need for targeted strategies to address mental health concerns.
India: India reported a rate of 12.7, while Singapore followed with a rate of 11.2, signifying the importance of focusing on mental health issues in these nations.
According to a 2022 study, the distribution of suicide deaths varied across different regions and by sex:
Global Distribution of Suicide Deaths in 2019:
South-East Asia region had the highest number of suicide deaths, accounting for 31% (230,453) of the total.
The Western Pacific region followed closely, with 24% (184,918) of the total suicide deaths.
Distribution of Suicide Deaths by Sex:
In both sexes, the South-East Asia region had the most significant contribution to suicides.
Among females, the South-East Asia region was particularly notable, representing 40% (93,552) of the total female suicide deaths.
South Korea
A 2022 review highlighted that suicide emerged as the leading cause of death among individuals aged 10 to 39 in South Korea during 2021, as per government data. Statistics Korea's report on the causes of death in 2021 revealed an alarming average of 37 suicides per day, positioning the nation with the highest suicide rate among the 38 member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
In terms of age groups, suicides accounted for a substantial portion of deaths among teenagers, as well as individuals in their 20s and 30s. Approximately 44 percent of teenage deaths were attributed to suicide, with the figure rising to 56.8 percent among those in their 20s and 40.6 percent among individuals in their 30s. Of particular concern was the notable increase in suicide cases specifically among individuals in their 20s, highlighting the urgency for targeted interventions and support within this age group.
According to another recent 2022 study, South Korea maintains its position with the highest suicide rate among developed nations. The country's suicide rate reached 26, reflecting a continuous upward trend. This rise is often associated with the economic turmoil resulting from the pandemic and the significant unemployment rates prevalent in the country. Notably, South Korea also holds the distinction of having the lowest fertility rate globally, with just 0.81 children per woman.
As indicated by reports from various media sources, approximately 13,000 individuals in South Korea took their own lives in the previous year alone. This translates to a rate of 26 suicides per 100,000 population. In comparison, the suicide rate in 2020 stood at 25.7, reinforcing the persistent status of South Korea as the leader among developed nations in terms of suicide prevalence.
Several factors contribute to the high suicide rate in South Korea. Academic pressure, work-related stress, societal stigma surrounding mental health, and the lack of sufficient social welfare for the elderly are frequently identified as significant contributors.
The suicide mortality rate, representing the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population, provides valuable insights into the prevalence of suicide over time:
2019: The suicide rate in South Korea stood at 28.60, remaining unchanged from the previous year (2018).
2018: South Korea experienced a significant increase in the suicide rate, reaching 28.60, which marked a 10.85% rise compared to 2017.
2017: There was a decline in the suicide rate, with South Korea recording a rate of 25.80, indicating a 5.15% decrease from 2016.
2016: South Korea's suicide rate for 2016 was 27.20, showing a 2.86% decline from the previous year (2015).
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
In South Korea, suicide is the leading cause of death among individuals aged 10 to 39. Although the rate is lower for the elderly, grade school and college students have a higher-than-average suicide rate. Over the past five years, the number of suicides or self-inflicted injuries has risen from 4,947 in 2015 to 9,828 in 2019, with the majority occurring among individuals aged 9 to 24.
Men in South Korea have a suicide rate twice as high as women, but women have a higher suicide attempt rate. Among OECD countries, South Korea has the highest female suicide rate, with 15.0 deaths by suicide per 100,000 individuals. The male suicide rate ranks third in the OECD, with 32.5 suicides per 100,000 deaths. Notably, women have seen a greater proportional increase in suicide rates than men between 1986 and 2005, with a 282% rise compared to a 244% increase for men.
Another study from 2022 stated that there are gender gaps in terms of suicidal rates between males and females among older adults:
The suicide rate for Korean older adults aged 65 and older was 78.9 in males and 24.7 in females per 100,000 in 2017, indicating that the rate among males was over three times higher than that of females.
Traditional gender roles may have influenced these disparities in suicide rates among older adults.
South Korea exhibits a specific pattern in suicide rates, with 27.4 deaths per 100,000 in 15 to 64-year-olds and 46.6 deaths per 100,000 in those aged 65 years and older in 2019.
From 2010 to 2017, the suicide rate among older adults, regardless of gender, age, or region, showed an overall decline.
The suicide rate among male older adults decreased from 148.99 deaths in 2010 to 86.34 deaths in 2017, and among females, it dropped from 55.38 deaths in 2010 to 24.69 deaths in 2017.
In the young-old group, the suicide rate decreased from 73.81 deaths in 2010 to 35.80 deaths in 2017, while among older adults, it decreased from 130.56 deaths in 2010 to 75.22 deaths in 2017.
Suicide rates among males and older-old older adults showed a greater decline over time compared to females and young-old individuals.
The suicide rate among older adults in rural regions was essentially identical to that in urban areas, with a more significant decline observed in 2017 compared to 2010.
India
India witnessed a heart-wrenching surge in suicides in 2021, with a staggering 164,033 individuals taking their own lives, resulting in a national suicide rate of 12 per hundred thousand, the highest recorded since 1967. This alarming rise in suicide rates has been a concerning trend over the past five decades, with a 7.2% increase in suicides in 2021 compared to the previous year. India holds the unfortunate distinction of having the highest number of suicides globally, and the World Health Organization recognizes suicide as a critical and emerging public health issue in the country.
Among the states, Maharashtra reported the highest number of suicide deaths, followed by Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, and Karnataka. Particularly devastating is the impact on daily wage earners, who constituted the largest group affected, with 42,004 deaths by suicide in 2021. This highlights the pressing need for comprehensive interventions and support for vulnerable individuals in India.
A recent article highlights the concerning suicide figures reported in India for the year 2021, as documented by the National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB). The data reveals a total of 164,033 reported suicides in the country. Given India's position as the second most populous nation globally, it is anticipated that the country contributes significantly to the overall global suicide statistics.
Of particular concern is the age-standardized suicide rate among Indian women, which stands at 11.1 per 100,000. This rate is more than double the global age-standardized suicide rate of 5.4 per 100,000 for women. This stark disparity underscores the urgent need to address mental health challenges faced by women in India.
Analyzing the NCRB data, researchers noted a 4.5% overall decrease in the Suicide Death Rate among women from 2014 to 2020. However, it is essential to remain vigilant in addressing the underlying factors contributing to suicide in India to sustain this positive trend.
Family problems emerged as the most common reason cited for suicide, highlighting the significance of addressing social dynamics and support structures within families. Additionally, hanging was identified as the leading method of suicide, emphasizing the need for enhanced prevention strategies and awareness campaigns.
The latest study from May 2023 reveals concerning findings regarding student suicide deaths in India:
The number of deaths by suicide among students in India witnessed a 4.5 percent increase in 2021, as indicated by the latest data from the NCRB.
According to the National Crime Records Bureau's Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India (ADSI) report, over 13,000 students lost their lives to suicide in 2021, averaging more than 35 student suicides daily.
This represents a significant rise compared to the 12,526 deaths reported in 2020.
Among the total student suicides, 864 out of 10,732 were attributed to "failure in examination."
Maharashtra had the highest number of student suicide deaths in 2021, with 1,834 recorded cases.
Madhya Pradesh followed closely with 1,308 deaths, while Tamil Nadu reported 1,246 deaths.
According to a significant 2019 study conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO), India bears the unfortunate burden of having the highest suicide rate in the South-East Asian region. The report, released on the eve of World Suicide Prevention Day, disclosed that India's suicide rate stands at a staggering 16.5 suicides per 100,000 people.
Equally concerning is the revelation that India ranks third globally in terms of female suicide rates. The WHO report emphasized that Indian women face a distressing suicide rate of 14.7 suicides per 100,000 individuals. This alarming statistic underscores the urgent need to address the mental well-being of women across the country.
The timely release of this data serves as a wake-up call, urging policymakers, healthcare professionals, and society at large to prioritize mental health and take comprehensive steps to prevent suicides. It highlights the critical importance of implementing effective prevention strategies and creating a supportive environment that promotes mental well-being.
The suicide mortality rate, representing the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population in a given year, offers insights into the prevalence of suicide within a country. Analyzing the data for India, the following trends and figures has been observed:
In 2019, the suicide rate in India was 12.70, indicating a 0.79% increase compared to 2018.
The suicide rate in 2018 was 12.60, reflecting a 5% increase from 2017.
In 2017, India recorded a suicide rate of 12.00, indicating a 0.83% decline from 2016.
The suicide rate for 2016 was 12.10, showing a 1.63% decline from 2015.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
In 2021, suicide emerged as the leading cause of death in two crucial age groups in India: 15-29 years and 15-39 years. It is disheartening to note that the male-to-female suicide ratio for that year was 72.5 to 27.4, indicating the presence of gender-specific dynamics within this distressing phenomenon.
Based on 2019 data statistics from the World Health Organization, the number of suicides per 100,000 population in India varies across different age groups and genders:
15-24 yrs old:
Both sexes: 13.8
Male: 11.1
Female: 16.8
25-34 yrs old:
Both sexes: 18.6
Male: 21.1
Female: 15.7
35-44 yrs old:
Both sexes: 18.1
Male: 22.3
Female: 13.6
45-54 yrs old:
Both sexes: 16.9
Male: 20.6
Female: 13.0
55-64 yrs old:
Both sexes: 16.3
Male: 21.0
Female: 11.4
65-74 yrs old:
Both sexes: 17.5
Male: 20.8
Female: 14.2
75-84 yrs old:
Both sexes: 27.5
Male: 35.4
Female: 20.6
85+ yrs old:
Both sexes: 57.1
Male: 79.5
Female: 39.1
Japan
As reported in a recent article in March 2023, the prevalence of suicide among school students has been a deeply concerning issue. Here are the figures for specific age groups, highlighting the gravity of the situation:
Elementary School Pupils:
Tragically, 17 elementary school pupils decided to take their own lives during 2022, emphasizing the need for early intervention and support for these vulnerable young individuals.
Junior High School Students:
A distressing number of 143 junior high school students also succumbed to suicide in 2022, shedding light on the challenges and pressures faced by adolescents during this critical stage of development.
High School Students:
The most alarming statistics revealed that 354 high school students tragically ended their lives in 2022. This loss highlights the urgent need for comprehensive measures to address the mental health concerns of teenagers and provide them with the necessary support.
Amidst the social challenges faced by Japan, the rising suicide rates have become a cause for deep concern. With a significant increase in the number of suicides in 2022:
The total number of suicides in Japan witnessed a 4.2% increase in 2022, reaching a concerning figure of 21,881. This marks the first time that the number of suicides among school students exceeded 500 since records began.
The suicide rate in Japan rose by 0.8 to 17.5 suicides per 100,000 people, based on data compiled by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare using statistics from the National Police Agency.
The primary causes or motives behind these tragic incidents include "health issues" as the leading contributing factor in 12,774 suicides, followed by "family issues" (4,775 suicides), and "economic/livelihood issues" (4,697 suicides).
Suicides among men increased for the first time in 13 years, with a rise of 807 cases to reach a total of 14,746. Meanwhile, suicides among women increased for the third consecutive year, with a rise of 67 cases, totaling 7,135.
Among different age groups, individuals in their fifties had the highest number of suicides, with an increase of 475 to reach 4,093. Those in their forties followed closely with 3,665 cases, and those in their seventies reported 2,994 suicides.
Disturbingly, the number of suicides among elementary, junior high, and high school students reached a milestone, totaling 514. This is the first time that this figure has exceeded 500 since the collection of statistics began in 1980. The COVID-19 pandemic likely contributed to this increase, with more children experiencing difficulties in communication with their friends and teachers.
Yamanashi prefecture recorded the highest suicide rate at 24.7, followed by Akita at 23.7 and Miyazaki at 22.7. Conversely, Tokushima had the lowest rate at 12.5, while Tokyo's rate stood at 17.1.
According to Japan Today, the number of suicides recorded in Japan in 2021 reached 20,830. While this figure was 251 fewer than the previous year, it marked a troubling increase of 661 compared to 2019, the year before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the total suicides, 13,815 were males, representing a rise of 240 from 2020, while 7,015 were females, 92 more than the previous year. Health ministry officials attribute this surge in suicides to the prolonged effects of the pandemic, which have led to job losses and income reductions for many individuals.
In a 2022 study conducted by a team of researchers, it was revealed that Japan experienced an additional 8,000 suicides during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, spanning from March 2020 to June 2022. This number significantly exceeds what would have been anticipated in the absence of the pandemic's influence.
Suicide mortality rate, calculated as the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population, provides insights into the prevalence of suicide in Japan:
2019: The suicide rate in Japan was 15.30, indicating an 8.38% decline from the previous year (2018).
2018: The suicide rate was 16.70, representing a 1.76% decline from 2017.
2017: The suicide rate stood at 17.00, reflecting a 2.86% decline from 2016.
2016: The suicide rate was 17.50, showcasing an 8.38% decline from 2015.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
Recent data reveals that the 50 to 59-year age group in Japan had the highest suicide rate, with 23.4 suicides per 100,000 inhabitants. This demographic, often referred to as middle-aged individuals, is significantly impacted by suicide. Specifically, middle-aged men in Japan are disproportionately affected and considered to be at the highest risk.
In a 2021 study conducted in Japan, significant gender differences in suicide rates were observed.
Women:
From January to November 2020, there were 6,251 suicides observed in Japan among women.
The highest percentage of suicides (15.93%) occurred in the age group 70-79, followed by 15.50% in the age group 40-49, and 15.20% in the age group 50-59.
Excess suicide deaths were observed from late July to early August and continued through November in most weeks, except for the 0-19 and 80+ age groups.
The 40-49 age group had the largest number of excess suicide deaths, with a peak in the week of September 28 to October 4.
Men:
Between January and November 2020, there were 12,581 suicides observed in Japan among men.
The highest percentage of suicides (17.37%) occurred in the age group 40-49, followed by 16.79% in the age group 50-59, and 13.65% in the age group 70-79.
Excess suicide deaths were observed in the 20-29 and 80+ age groups starting from around the end of July and continuing until early November, although not every week.
The 20-29 age group had the largest number of excess suicide deaths, with a peak in the week of September 28 to October 4.
China
China has long grappled with the complex issue of suicide, representing approximately 17% of global suicide deaths. Over the years, the country has experienced a notable decrease in suicide rates, attributed in part to economic advancements and significant social transformations resulting from the economic reform policy implemented in the 1970s.
A recent spatial-temporal analysis shed light on the geographical distribution of suicide risks within China, revealing higher rates in the central region, particularly in Hubei and Anhui Province. These findings highlight a distinct pattern not previously reported in earlier studies. However, the study authors did not delve into comprehensive explanations for the geographic disparities, which may be influenced by socio-economic variations at the provincial level.
From 2000 to 2019, a review examined a total of 150 cases of graduate students' suicides in China, shedding light on the characteristics and underlying reasons behind these tragic events. This revelation is particularly surprising as this crucial information has never been systematically reported before. It highlights the importance of understanding and addressing the factors contributing to suicide among Chinese graduate students, ultimately aiming to prevent such occurrences and promote mental well-being within this population.
The analysis revealed several noteworthy patterns. Among the 150 students, 65.8% were male, indicating a gender disparity in suicide cases. Additionally, nearly half of the students who took their lives fell within the age range of 26 to 30 years old. An interesting observation was that the majority (83.3%) of the students were unmarried at the time of their suicides. Furthermore, a significant proportion (43.4%) of the graduate students chose to end their lives during their graduation year or in the subsequent years.
Regarding the methods employed, the top three suicide methods identified were jumping, hanging, and drowning, highlighting the gravity of these actions. In terms of the leading causes behind these tragic events, graduation pressure, depression, and academic pressure emerged as the primary factors contributing to suicidal tendencies among graduate students.
From 2000 to 2023, the suicide mortality rate in China has been closely monitored. This rate represents the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population, providing insights into the prevalence of suicides within the country:
2019: The suicide rate was 8.10, showing no change from 2018.
2018: The suicide rate was 8.10, indicating no change from 2017.
2017: The suicide rate was 8.10, reflecting a 1.22% decline from 2016.
2016: The suicide rate was 8.20, representing a 1.23% increase from 2015.
A 2016 report from the World Health Organization (WHO), China's suicide rate stands at 9.7 per 100,000 individuals, placing the country among those with the lowest suicide rates globally. Notably, from 2009 to 2011, 44% of all suicides occurred among individuals aged 65 or above, while 79% were among rural residents. These figures highlight the importance of addressing suicide prevention efforts among these specific demographics.
Furthermore, a 2014 study conducted by the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention at the University of Hong Kong revealed a significant decrease in China's suicide rate, reaching one of the lowest levels worldwide. The study reported an average annual rate of approximately 9.8 suicides per 100,000 people from 2009 to 2011. This represents a substantial 58% decline compared to the average annual rate of 23.2 per 100,000 people observed from 1990 to 1995.
The decrease in the suicide rate can be attributed, in part, to population migration from rural areas and the ongoing process of urbanization, particularly among the middle class. These demographic shifts have likely contributed to improved mental health support and increased access to resources, ultimately reducing the prevalence of suicide in China.
A data analysis from 2012 reveals that China, despite comprising only 21.5% of the world's population, accounts for a staggering 43.6% of global suicides, with over 330,000 lives lost to suicide annually.
Rural suicide rates in China are three times higher than urban rates, averaging 26.4 suicides per 100,000 rural population compared to 8.7 suicides per 100,000 urban population. Given that approximately 70% of the Chinese population resides in rural areas, the absolute number of suicides in the countryside is significantly higher than in cities.
Unlike many other countries, suicide rates for Chinese women are approximately 40% higher than those for men. For every 100 male suicides, there are about 139 female suicides in China. Female suicide rates tend to exceed male rates, particularly in the age group of 15-24, where for each young man who dies by suicide, there are approximately two young women. This pattern is observed in both rural and urban areas. However, as age increases, the male suicide rate surpasses the female rate, particularly among the rural population.
The Global Burden of Disease study, conducted by prominent institutions including the World Bank, World Health Organization, and Harvard University, highlights that China accounts for 56.6% of all female suicides worldwide, despite having only 21% of the world's female population. The study also reveals that the suicide rate among Chinese women is nearly five times the global average. China may be the only country where women's suicides outnumber those of men.
Contrary to common belief, urbanization does not appear to be detrimental to mental health and suicide rates. In China, rural areas experience a higher suicide rate, nearly three times that of urban areas. For every urban suicide, there are 2.77 rural suicides. Although rural residents constitute approximately 70% of the population, they account for about 93% of suicides in the nation.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
China's suicide rates, as per the 2019 data statistics from the World Health Organization, exhibit variations based on age and gender per 100,000 population:
15-24 yrs old:
Both sexes: 4.3
Male: 5.6
Female: 2.8
25-34 yrs old:
Both sexes: 5.7
Male: 8.2
Female: 3.1
35-44 yrs old:
Both sexes: 6.3
Male: 8.4
Female: 4.1
45-54 yrs old:
Both sexes: 7.4
Male: 9.1
Female: 5.6
55-64 yrs old:
Both sexes: 11.4
Male: 13.5
Female: 9.2
65-74 yrs old:
Both sexes: 19.1
Male: 22.8
Female: 15.6
75-84 yrs old:
Both sexes: 38.4
Male: 48
Female: 30.6
85+ yrs old:
Both sexes: 71.9
Male: 110.6
Female: 50.2
MENA Region (Middle East and North Africa)
In 2016, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region recorded a total of 26,000 deaths attributed to suicide, resulting in a suicide rate of 4.8 deaths per 100,000 population. While these numbers are significant, it is important to note that the suicide incidence rate in the MENA region in 2017 was relatively lower compared to the global average.
This data highlights the prevalence of suicide as a significant public health concern in the MENA region, albeit at a lower rate compared to other parts of the world. Understanding and addressing the factors contributing to suicidal behaviors in the region remain crucial for the development of effective prevention strategies and support systems.
In 2019, an analysis of 18 countries in MENA region revealed a global average of 4.78 suicides per 100,000 people. These statistics shows the variations in suicide rates in this region.
Djibouti, with a rate of 9.6 suicides per 100,000 people, had the highest suicide mortality rate among the countries in MENA region. Ranking at the lower end of the spectrum, Jordan had the lowest suicide mortality rate of 1.6 suicides per 100,000 people.
Djibouti
Based on the latest data published by the World Health Organization in 2020, Djibouti experienced a significant number of suicide deaths
Suicide Deaths in Djibouti:
In 2020, Djibouti recorded 94 suicide deaths, accounting for approximately 1.41% of the total deaths in the country. This emphasizes the critical impact of suicides on Djibouti's population.
Age-Adjusted Death Rate:
The age-adjusted death rate is a vital indicator that considers the age distribution of the population to provide a more accurate comparison across different countries. In Djibouti, the age-adjusted death rate due to suicides was 11.95 per 100,000 population.
Global Ranking:
Djibouti's suicide mortality rate places it at the 53rd position globally. This ranking signifies the prevalence of suicides in Djibouti relative to other countries worldwide.
The suicide mortality rate, measured as the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population, provides insight into the prevalence of this tragic phenomenon. It is important to note that these rates are crude, meaning they are not age-adjusted.
In 2019, the suicide rate in Djibouti was recorded at 9.60, representing a slight decline of 1.03% compared to the previous year. Looking at the trend in recent years, the suicide rate in Djibouti remained relatively stable from 2017 to 2018, with both years reporting a rate of 9.70. However, there was a notable increase of 4.3% from 2016, when the suicide rate was 9.70. Examining the data further, the suicide rate in Djibouti for 2016 was 9.30, reflecting a 3.33% increase from the preceding year, 2015.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
Based on the 2019 data statistics provided by the World Health Organization, the number of suicides per 100,000 population in Djibouti varied across different age groups and genders.
Age-specific Suicide Rates in Djibouti (per 100,000 population):
15-24 yrs old:
Both sexes: 3.4
Male: 4.7
Female: 1.9
25-34 yrs old:
Both sexes: 9
Male: 10.9
Female: 6.8
35-44 yrs old:
Both sexes: 13.7
Male: 17.6
Female: 9.5
45-54 yrs old:
Both sexes: 18
Male: 24
Female: 11.3
55-64 yrs old:
Both sexes: 24
Male: 32.8
Female: 14.6
65-74 yrs old:
Both sexes: 37.8
Male: 53.4
Female: 22.9
75-84 yrs old:
Both sexes: 56.6
Male: 83.3
Female: 33.1
85+ yrs old:
Both sexes: 129.6
Male: 210.1
Female: 69.1
Bahrain
Based on the most recent data published by the World Health Organization in 2020, the number of suicide deaths in Bahrain accounted for 145 cases, representing 3.45% of the total deaths. The age-adjusted death rate due to suicide was calculated to be 7.20 per 100,000 population, positioning Bahrain at the 113th rank worldwide in terms of suicide mortality rates.
The suicide mortality rate represents the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population in a given year. It is an important indicator of the prevalence of suicide in Bahrain.
In Bahrain, the suicide rate for the year 2019 was recorded at 8.90, indicating a 3.49% increase compared to the previous year. This follows a trend of successive increases in suicide rates over the years. In 2018, the rate was 8.60, showing a 6.17% rise from 2017. Similarly, in 2017, the suicide rate stood at 8.10, reflecting a 5.19% increase from 2016. The trend continues with the suicide rate for 2016 recorded at 7.70, indicating a 4.05% increase from 2015.
The suicide rate in Bahrain presents some unique challenges due to a combination of social, legal, and religious factors in the country, which may impact the reporting of suicide cases. As an Islamic country, there are cultural sensitivities and restrictions surrounding the topic of suicide.
According to data from 2007, the mean suicide rate for Bahraini nationals is reported at 0.6 per 100,000 population. However, it is important to note that this figure might not fully capture the actual incidence of suicide due to underreporting or limited data availability.
The limited available data suggest a very low incidence rate of 3 suicides per 100,000 population in Bahrain. It is worth noting that these figures may not accurately reflect the true extent of suicide cases in the country. The cultural and religious context, along with potential stigma and legal implications, might contribute to the challenges in accurately reporting suicide incidents.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
In 2019, the World Health Organization gathered data on suicide rates in Bahrain, providing valuable insights into the number of suicides per 100,000 population across different age groups and genders:
15-24 years old:
Both sexes: 8.6
Male: 13.1
Female: 2.7
25-34 years old:
Both sexes: 13.2
Male: 16.3
Female: 5.1
35-44 years old:
Both sexes: 12.1
Male: 16
Female: 2.7
45-54 years old:
Both sexes: 8.5
Male: 12.3
Female: 1.2
55-64 years old:
Both sexes: 5.4
Male: 8.2
Female: 1.2
65-74 years old:
Both sexes: 5.3
Male: 7.7
Female: 2.1
75-84 years old:
Both sexes: 11.8
Male: 17.4
Female: 6.6
85+ years old:
Both sexes: 30.1
Male: 43.7
Female: 18.6
Morocco
According to a recent 2022 study conducted by the World Health Organization, Morocco stands out as one of the countries in the Middle East and North Africa region with relatively high suicide rates. The study reveals that the overall suicide rate in Morocco has increased to 7.2 suicides per 100,000 inhabitants. Notably, the rate among males is higher, reaching 9.7 per 100,000 inhabitants, while among females it stands at 4.7 per 100,000 inhabitants.
These findings position Morocco as the second-highest country in terms of suicide rates among Arab nations, ranking just below Egypt. Following Morocco, Saudi Arabia holds the third position, followed by Yemen, Sudan, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, Tunisia, Syria, and Libya.
Based on the data published in 2020, the number of suicide deaths in Morocco was recorded at 2,617, accounting for approximately 1.15% of total deaths. The age-adjusted Death Rate, which takes into account the population size, is 7.29 suicides per 100,000 population. This ranking places Morocco at #110 in the world in terms of suicide rates.
The suicide mortality rate is a measure of the number of suicide deaths in a given year per 100,000 population. It provides insight into the prevalence of suicide within a population. The crude suicide rate, which is not age-adjusted, is often used to track these trends.
In the case of Morocco, the suicide rate for the year 2019 was recorded at 7.20, remaining unchanged from the previous year. In 2018, the rate also stood at 7.20, indicating a slight increase of 1.41% compared to 2017. However, there was a decline of 1.39% in the suicide rate from 7.10 in 2017 to 7.20 in 2016. Moreover, when comparing 2016 to 2015, there was a notable decrease of 2.7% in the suicide rate.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
The World Health Organization's 2019 data on suicide rates in Morocco provides valuable insights into the number of suicides per 100,000 population, categorized by age and gender. These statistics provide valuable insights into the extent of suicide cases in Morocco:
15-24 yrs old:
Both sexes: 8
Male: 10.4
Female: 5.4
25-34 yrs old:
Both sexes: 8.7
Male: 11.2
Female: 6.2
35-44 yrs old:
Both sexes: 10.9
Male: 14.2
Female: 8
45-54 yrs old:
Both sexes: 10.2
Male: 14.2
Female: 6.6
55-64 yrs old:
Both sexes: 10.8
Male: 16.1
Female: 5.5
65-74 yrs old:
Both sexes: 11.9
Male: 18.2
Female: 5.6
75-84 yrs old:
Both sexes: 11.6
Male: 20.2
Female: 5.2
85+ yrs old:
Both sexes: 28.5
Male: 61.7
Female: 11.7
Egypt
Based on the latest statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO), Egypt witnessed a significant number of suicides in recent years. In 2022 alone, there were 7,881 reported cases of suicide, while in 2019, the number was 3,022. However, it is important to note that Egypt's suicide rate remains relatively low, with less than 5.0 suicides per 100,000 people, compared to the global average of 9.0. This lower rate could be attributed to potential issues with surveillance and under-reporting, as well as the influence of religious traditions in the country.
When analyzing the gender differences, it becomes evident that the suicide rate among males is twice as high as that among females, with 4 per 100,000 compared to 2 per 100,000, regardless of age. The data also suggests that the suicide rate tends to increase with age in Egypt, possibly due to a higher prevalence of psychological problems among males. In terms of the methods used, the majority of male suicide cases between 2005 and 2009 were caused by toxins (70%), followed by burns (13%), drowning (6%), falling from a height (6%), hanging (4%), and firearms (2%).
The suicide mortality rate is a measure of the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population in a given year. In Egypt, the crude suicide rate remained relatively stable over the years, with minimal fluctuations:
Egypt's suicide rate for 2019 was 3.00, showing no change from the previous year, 2018.
The suicide rate in Egypt for 2018 was also 3.00, indicating no change from 2017.
In 2017, the suicide rate in Egypt was 3.00, reflecting a decline of 6.25% compared to 2016.
Egypt's suicide rate for 2016 was slightly higher at 3.20, but it declined by 3.03% from 2015.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
According to the World Health Organization's 2019 data, Egypt had varying suicide rates per 100,000 population across different age groups and genders:
15-24 yrs old:
Both sexes: 4.0
Male: 4.9
Female: 3.1
25-34 yrs old:
Both sexes: 4.3
Male: 5.7
Female: 2.8
35-44 yrs old:
Both sexes: 4.3
Male: 5.8
Female: 2.8
45-54 yrs old:
Both sexes: 4.3
Male: 6.4
Female: 2.2
55-64 yrs old:
Both sexes: 5.5
Male: 8.2
Female: 3.0
65-74 yrs old:
Both sexes: 5.7
Male: 7.8
Female: 3.8
75-84 yrs old:
Both sexes: 5.6
Male: 8.6
Female: 3.5
85+ yrs old:
Both sexes: 10.8
Male: 19.0
Female: 6.4
Africa
According to a recent article published by the World Health Organization, the African region has a higher suicide rate compared to the global average. The article highlights the following key points:
Suicide Rate: The suicide rate in the African region stands at approximately 11 deaths per 100,000 people per year, which is higher than the global average of nine per 100,000 people. This indicates a pressing need for effective measures to address and prevent suicide.
Risk Factors: Insufficient action in addressing and preventing risk factors contributes to the higher suicide rates in the region. Mental health conditions, which currently affect 116 million people in Africa, up from 53 million in 1990, play a significant role in this regard.
High-Risk Countries: Within the African region, six out of the ten countries with the highest suicide rates worldwide are located. This highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions and support systems to address this issue.
Common Methods: Hanging and pesticide self-poisoning are identified as the primary methods of suicide in the African region. Other less common methods include drowning, use of firearms, jumping from a height, or medication overdose.
Attempted Suicides: Studies reveal that for every completed suicide in Africa, there are an estimated 20 attempted suicides. This emphasizes the importance of comprehensive prevention strategies and accessible mental health support services.
The World Health Organization's 2022 research study highlights significant gender differences in suicide rates within the African Region:
Among males in the region, the suicide rate is the highest compared to other regions, reaching 18.0 suicides per 100,000 population.
For females, the average suicide rate in the African Region is slightly below the global average at 5.2 per 100,000. However, it is important to note that Lesotho has the highest female suicide rate in the world, with a rate of 34.6 per 100,000 population. This indicates a critical concern for women's mental health in Lesotho. The findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions and support systems to address the underlying factors contributing to these alarming rates in the region.
Lesotho
Lesotho holds the unfortunate distinction of having the highest suicide rate in the world. The estimated rate stands at a staggering 87.5 suicides per 100,000 deaths. This alarming statistic highlights the severity of the mental health crisis faced by the country.
Lesotho is facing a severe mental health crisis as reflected in its alarming suicide rate. Unfortunately, the country lacks a comprehensive national mental health response strategy to address this pressing issue. The crisis can be attributed to various factors, including decades of poverty, the devastating impact of the AIDS pandemic resulting in grief and loss, limited employment opportunities, and a pervasive sense of hopelessness about the future.
What sets Lesotho apart from many other countries is the gender breakdown of suicide rates. While most countries report higher male suicide rates, Lesotho experiences a significantly higher rate among females.
In 2020, according to the data from the World Health Organization (WHO), Lesotho was identified as having the highest suicide rate globally. The statistics provide important insights into the prevalence of this issue, highlighting the following information:
Suicide Deaths: In 2020, there were 1,539 reported suicide deaths in Lesotho, accounting for approximately 4.62% of total deaths in the country.
Age-Adjusted Death Rate: The age-adjusted death rate due to suicide in Lesotho is 87.48 per 100,000 population. This rate takes into account the age distribution of the population and allows for better comparisons between different countries.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
In 2019, the World Health Organization gathered data on suicide rates in Lesotho, providing insights into the number of suicides per 100,000 population across different age groups and genders. The statistics reveal the following key findings:
15-24 yrs old:
Both sexes: 34
Male: 48.8
Female: 19.1
25-34 yrs old:
Both sexes: 83.9
Male: 117.8
Female: 48.3
35-44 yrs old:
Both sexes: 188.2
Male: 294.1
Female: 70.1
45-54 yrs old:
Both sexes: 201.6
Male: 354.4
Female: 62.2
55-64 yrs old:
Both sexes: 130.9
Male: 254.7
Female: 40.3
65-74 yrs old:
Both sexes: 107.1
Male: 210.6
Female: 39.7
75-84 yrs old:
Both sexes: 107.5
Male: 228.7
Female: 51.7
85+ yrs old:
Both sexes: 167
Male: 600.7
Female: 76.6
Eswatini
Eswatini, a small kingdom located in southern Africa, is facing a severe suicide crisis, ranking third globally in terms of suicide rates. The country is confronted with multiple challenges, including the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the world, widespread poverty, and significant levels of inequality. These factors, compounded by limited access to mental health services and the pervasive stigma surrounding mental illness, have contributed to the alarming rise in suicide cases.
The high burden of HIV/AIDS, along with the socioeconomic hardships experienced by many in Eswatini, has created a complex environment that further exacerbates mental health issues and increases the risk of suicide. The lack of sufficient mental health resources and support services adds to the challenges faced by individuals struggling with mental health conditions, leaving them vulnerable and without adequate help.
According to the data from the World Health Organization (WHO) published in 2020, Eswatini (formerly known as Swaziland) experienced 338 deaths by suicide, accounting for 3.04% of the total deaths recorded. This highlights the significant impact of suicide on the population.
The age-adjusted Death Rate, which considers the age distribution of the population, provides a standardized measure to compare suicide rates across different countries. In Eswatini, the age-adjusted Death Rate for suicide is 40.46 per 100,000 population, positioning Eswatini at the third-highest rank globally in terms of suicide rates. This indicates a substantial burden of suicide in the country.
The suicide mortality rate represents the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population in a given year. Here are the suicide rates for Eswatini for the years 2015-2019:
Eswatini suicide rate for 2019 was 29.40, reflecting a 3.16% increase compared to 2018.
In 2018, the suicide rate in Eswatini was 28.50, showing a decline of 6.25% from 2017.
For 2017, the suicide rate in Eswatini was 30.40, indicating a decline of 7.32% from 2016.
In 2016, the suicide rate in Eswatini was 32.80, showing a decline of 6.55% from 2015.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
According to the latest 2019 data from the World Health Organization, Eswatini experienced significant suicide rates per 100,000 population, revealing the severity of the issue across different age groups and genders:
15-24 yrs old:
Both sexes: 19.2
Male: 33.1
Female: 4.6
25-34 yrs old:
Both sexes: 39.9
Male: 78.8
Female: 3.9
35-44 yrs old:
Both sexes: 75
Male: 160.7
Female: 8.8
45-54 yrs old:
Both sexes: 93
Male: 168
Female: 10.7
55-64 yrs old:
Both sexes: 68.4
Male: 119.6
Female: 12.3
65-74 yrs old:
Both sexes: 51.7
Male: 104.3
Female: 15.6
75-84 yrs old:
Both sexes: 52.3
Male: 124.3
Female: 22.5
85+ yrs old:
Both sexes: 105.8
Male: 389.5
Female: 46.3
South Africa
Based on the Global Health Estimates report released in 2022, South Africa demonstrates the third-highest suicide rate among African countries, with a rate of 23.5 suicides per 100,000 population.
World Health Organization (WHO) data published in 2020 highlights South Africa's significant number of suicide deaths during that year. The following key details emerge from the statistics:
Suicide Deaths: In 2020, there were 13,774 reported suicide deaths in South Africa. These suicides accounted for approximately 3.03% of the total deaths in the country.
Age-Adjusted Death Rate: The age-adjusted death rate is a measure that allows for comparison across different populations with varying age distributions. In South Africa, the age-adjusted death rate due to suicide was 23.49 per 100,000 population. This rate positions South Africa as the eighth highest in the world in terms of suicide rates.
In South Africa, the suicide rate for 2019 was 23.50, reflecting a 2.49% decrease from the previous year. Similarly, the suicide rate for 2018 was 24.10, indicating a 4.37% decline compared to 2017. However, in 2017, there was a 3.28% increase in the suicide rate, reaching 25.20. Lastly, the suicide rate for 2016 was 24.40, showing a slight 0.41% decrease from 2015. It is important to note that this rate is not age-adjusted, providing a raw estimate of the prevalence of suicide within the population.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
Based on the 2019 data statistics provided by the World Health Organization, the number of suicides per 100,000 population in South Africa varied significantly across different age groups and genders:
15-24 yrs old:
Both sexes: 13.6
Male: 20.1
Female: 6.9
25-34 yrs old:
Both sexes: 47.3
Male: 74.3
Female: 19.7
35-44 yrs old:
Both sexes: 47.9
Male: 76.8
Female: 19.0
45-54 yrs old:
Both sexes: 34.7
Male: 58.4
Female: 12.5
55-64 yrs old:
Both sexes: 21.5
Male: 37.6
Female: 8.0
65-74 yrs old:
Both sexes: 16.9
Male: 28.7
Female: 8.5
75-84 yrs old:
Both sexes: 20.1
Male: 33.7
Female: 12.6
85+ yrs old:
Both sexes: 54.2
Male: 106.6
Female: 33.8
Botswana
Botswana, based on the latest WHO data published in 2020, had 370 reported suicide deaths, accounting for 1.91% of total deaths. The age-adjusted Death Rate in Botswana stands at 20.22 per 100,000 population, positioning the country at the 14th rank globally.
The prevalence and predictors of suicidal behaviors among primary and secondary school-going adolescents in Botswana have been the subject of recent research. While there is a lack of specific literature on the suicide rate among adolescents aged 10-19 years in Botswana, the overall suicide rate in the general population was estimated at 9.70 deaths per 100,000 population in 2016.
Suicide mortality rate, also known as the crude suicide rate, is a measure that indicates the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 population in a given year. In Botswana, the suicide rate showed fluctuations over the period from 2015 to 2019:
In 2019, the suicide rate was 16.10, reflecting a 7.47% decline from the previous year.
The rate in 2018 remained unchanged at 17.40, compared to 2017.
In 2017, there was a slight decrease of 2.25% from 2016, when the rate was also 17.40.
The highest rate during this period was observed in 2016, with a rate of 17.80, which then declined by 6.32% in 2019.
Suicide Rate by Age Group and Gender
In 2019, the World Health Organization provided data on the number of suicides per 100,000 population in Botswana, categorized by age and gender. The statistics reveal the following patterns:
15-24 years
Both sexes: 10.8
Male: 17.7
Female: 3.9
25-34 years
Both sexes: 15
Male: 26
Female: 4.6
35-44 years
Both sexes: 30.6
Male: 50.7
Female: 13.2
45-54 years
Both sexes: 43.3
Male: 76.4
Female: 14.5
55-64 years
Both sexes: 38.5
Male: 72.4
Female: 14.8
65-74 years
Both sexes: 40.5
Male: 72
Female: 17.7
75-84 years
Both sexes: 49.3
Male: 91
Female: 24.3
85+ years
Both sexes: 94.2
Male: 222.6
Female: 43.1
Factors Contributing to Suicide
Factors contributing to suicide encompass various aspects and can differ among individuals. Understanding these factors is crucial for effective prevention efforts. Here is a comprehensive overview of key contributors to suicide:
Mental Health Conditions
Having mental health disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, and substance abuse greatly amplifies the likelihood of suicide. Roughly 90% of suicides occur among individuals who have identifiable mental health conditions.
A study conducted in 2018 provided valuable insights into the prominent role of psychiatric diseases in suicides and suicide attempts. The findings revealed that the prevalence of these diseases in suicide cases was at least 10 times higher compared to the general population. The reported percentage of completed suicides attributed to psychiatric diseases ranged from 60% to 98% of all cases.
During the early 21st century, depression emerged as the leading cause of mortality from unnatural causes worldwide, accounting for 30% of cases. It was followed by substance-use related disorders (18%), schizophrenia (14%), and personality disorders (13%). However, there were notable differences between inpatients and outpatients. Among inpatient suicides, schizophrenia and organic mental disorders preceded 45% of cases, while depression, substance-related issues, somatoform disorders, anxiety disorders, and adjustment disorders were associated with 32% of outpatient suicides. Depression was present in both groups, although the rates varied.
Depression remains a major driver of suicide worldwide and ranks second in terms of years lived with disability, affecting up to 11% of the global population. Approximately half of all completed suicides are linked to depressive and other mood disorders. Suicides related to depression are more prevalent among the elderly, with a considerable proportion experiencing psychotic symptoms.
Previous Suicide Attempt
Individuals with a history of previous suicide attempts are at a heightened risk for subsequent attempts and completed suicide.
Research consistently shows that individuals who have previously attempted suicide are at significantly higher risk of future suicide attempts. In fact, the risk of death by suicide is estimated to be 30 to 40 times greater for individuals with a history of suicide attempt compared to those who have not made an attempt.
This finding highlights the critical importance of identifying and providing appropriate support to individuals who have survived a suicide attempt. It indicates that a previous suicide attempt should be considered a significant risk factor for future attempts and serves as a clear indicator of the urgent need for intervention.
Access to Lethal Means
Easy access to lethal methods, such as firearms, medications, or toxic substances, increases the likelihood of successful suicide attempts.
Extensive research conducted in a 2018 study highlights the significant role of limiting access to lethal methods as a crucial population-based strategy for preventing suicide. This approach, known as means restriction, has been shown to be effective in numerous empirical studies.
The concept of means restriction revolves around reducing the availability of highly lethal methods commonly used in suicide. By implementing measures that restrict access to these means, such as firearms, pesticides, or certain medications, the likelihood of individuals attempting suicide with those specific methods decreases. Importantly, studies have consistently demonstrated that when access to lethal means is limited, individuals who may be in crisis are less likely to use alternative methods, and those they do choose tend to be less lethal, resulting in fewer fatalities.
This approach recognizes that individuals who experience suicidal ideation often act impulsively in a moment of acute distress. By creating barriers to accessing highly lethal means during these critical moments, the opportunity for life-saving interventions and support is increased. For instance, a person who is temporarily deterred from using a firearm may have an opportunity to reconsider, seek help, or receive intervention that could avert a tragic outcome.
Social Isolation and Lack of Support
Feelings of social isolation, loneliness, and a lack of social support contribute to heightened suicidal ideation and behaviors.
Recent research conducted in 2020 has highlighted the significant impact of social isolation and loneliness on both physical and mental health. Surprisingly, these factors have been found to be as detrimental to health as smoking 15 cigarettes a day and even twice as harmful as obesity.
The consequences of loneliness are far-reaching and extend beyond emotional well-being. It has been associated with various adverse health outcomes, including depression, sleep disturbances, cognitive decline, and impaired immune function. This demonstrates the profound influence of social connections on our overall health.
Social isolation, characterized by limited social interaction and minimal contact with others, takes a toll on mental well-being. The absence of meaningful connections can lead to excessive self-reflection, rumination over past experiences, and heightened anxiety about the state of the world. It is important to recognize that social isolation and loneliness are significant risk factors for suicide. The feeling of not belonging or lacking a sense of connection with others can contribute to a sense of hopelessness and despair.
Family History of Suicide
Having a family history of suicide increases an individual's susceptibility to suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
A comprehensive study conducted in 2008 explored the association between family history of suicide and the risk of suicide. The findings revealed that individuals with a family history of suicide face a significantly higher risk of suicide compared to those who have experienced the death of a first-degree relative from accidents or homicides. This suggests that the transmission of suicidal behavior within families is not solely influenced by the bereavement process.
The impact of parental suicide on children aged 10–21 was specifically examined in one study. It was observed that both maternal and paternal suicide had a profound effect on the offspring, leading to an increased risk of suicide. Remarkably, even in cases where maternal loss occurred due to other causes, the risk of suicide in the offspring remained elevated. However, the effect of maternal suicide was found to be even greater than the impact of maternal loss resulting from other causes.
Final Thoughts
Discussion on suicide statistics has provided important insights into this pressing global issue. We have identified that certain countries, such as Lesotho, face the highest suicide rates globally. Factors like mental health conditions, previous suicide attempts, family history, and social isolation contribute to the problem.
Continued research, data collection, and analysis are paramount in understanding and addressing this complex issue. By actively studying the underlying causes and risk factors, we can develop effective prevention strategies and interventions. It is imperative for individuals, communities, and policymakers to prioritize suicide prevention. This entails raising awareness, promoting mental health education, providing support systems, and allocating resources to mental health services. By taking proactive measures, we can create a society that values mental well-being and actively works towards preventing suicide.
